UPSC Express

About the Kaziranga National Park

• Kaziranga had an area of 232sq.m when it began its journey as a proposed reserve forest on June 1, 1905.
• Kaziranga National Park lies partly in Golaghat District and partly in Nagaon District of Assam.
• It is the oldest park in Assam, which now covers an area of 430 Sqkms along the river Brahmaputra on the North and the KarbiAnglong hills on the South.
• Kaziranga National Park a world heritage site is famous for the Great Indian one horned rhinoceros; the landscape of Kaziranga is of sheer forest, tall elephant grass, rugged reeds, marshes & shallow pools.
• It has been declared as National Park in 1974.
• It is inhabited by the world’s largest population of one-horned rhinoceroses, as well as many mammals, including tigers, elephants, panthers and bears, and thousands of birds.
• The KNP is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985.
• The National Highway 37 passes through the park area and tea estates, hemmed by table-top tea bushes.
• According to the last rhino census in March, the KNP has an estimated 2,413 rhinos.
• The park also has 57% of the world’s wild water buffalo population, one of the largest groups of Asian elephants and 21 Royal Bengal tigers per 100sq.km – arguably the highest striped cat density.

About the Greater One-horned Rhinoceros

• The Greater One-horned Rhinoceros populations are increasing overall due to strict protection, especially in India.
• However, some populations are decreasing, especially in Nepal and parts of northeastern India.
• The species is currently confined to fewer than ten sites, with a total extent of occurrence of less than 20,000 km².
• Historically, the Indian rhinoceros once existed across the entire northern part of the Indian subcontinent, along the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra River basins, from Pakistan to the Indian-Burmese border, including parts of Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan.
• It may also have existed in Myanmar, southern China, and Indochina, though this is uncertain.
• Currently, the Indian rhinoceros exists in a few small subpopulations in the Nepal and India (West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Assam).

Threats

• This species is harvested illegally for its horn and other products used in Traditional Chinese Medicine.
• This species declined to near extinction in the early 1900s, primarily due to widespread conversion of alluvial plains grasslands to agricultural development, which led to human-rhino conflicts and easier accessibility for hunters.
• Sport hunting became common in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
• Poaching, mainly for the use of the horn in Traditional Chinese Medicine has remained a constant and the success is precarious without continued and increased support for conservation efforts.
• The species is inherently at risk because over 70% of its population occurs at a single site, Kaziranga National Park.
• This area, is subject to poaching and tensions with the surrounding high human population due to human-wildlife conflicts (including conflicts with rhinos).
• The level of poaching in Kaziranga has generally not been at a level to prevent the ongoing increase in the population, but constant vigilance is required.
• Clearly, any catastrophic event in Kaziranga (such as disease, civil disorder, poaching, habitat loss, etc) would have a devastating impact on the status of this species.

IUCN Status

• The species has been included in the caetegory of vulnerable species under IUCN red list.
• The species has been included on CITES Appendix I since 1975.
• The Indian and Nepalese governments have taken major steps towards Indian Rhinoceros conservation, especially with the help of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and other non-governmental organizations.
• Indian Rhino populations occur almost exclusively within and around protected areas.
• In India, the species occurs in Kaziranga National Park (World Heritage Site), Manas National Park (World Heritage Site in danger), Dudhwa National Park (re-introduced population), Karteniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Orang National Park, Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary, and Gorumara National Park.
• With the support of the IUCN SSC Asian Rhino Specialist Group, an Indian Rhino Vision 2020 has been developed.

Way forward

• Translocating rhinos to bolster struggling populations.
• Start new populations;
• Improve security around rhino populations and reduce poaching;
• Assesse habitat status and management needs;
• Expand available habitat through active management;
• Improving protected area infrastructure;
• Train staff in specific rhino conservation techniques;
• Reducing human-wildlife conflicts and involve local people in rhino conservation;
• Implement education and awareness programmes.
• Overall, there is a need for further reintroductions, thereby reducing the concentration of over 70% of the individuals in one large population.