UPSC Express

Organophosphates

• Organophosphates are a group of human-made chemicals, esters of phosphoric acid,  that poison insects and mammals.
• Organophosphates are used in agriculture, homes, gardens and veterinary practices.
• In the past decade, several OPs have been discontinued for use.
• Common organophosphates include:
  • Parathion
  • Malathion
  • Methyl parathion
  • Chlorpyrifos
  • Diazinon
  • Terbufos

Toxicokinetics: Mechanism of organophosphate toxicity

• The chemical can enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, or contact with skin.
• Once inside the body, the organophosphates inhibit cholinesterase, which is an enzyme in the human nervous system that breaks down acetylcholine.
• Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that carries signals between nerves and muscles.
• When cholinesterase is inactivated, acetylcholine builds up in the nerves, which become overactive, affecting the functioning of nervous system, heart, immunity and reproductive system.

Anti-pesticide Gel

• The gel developed by researchers will not act as physical barrier, but will chemically deactivate the organophosphates.
• The base of the gel is chitosan, a natural substance extracted from the waste shells of crabs and shrimps.
• The gel was found to cleave a wide range of commercially available pesticides before they enter the bloodstream, thus reducing the pesticide-induced enzyme inhibition.